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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Hi all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">I wanted to share this week’s MapLab with you – interesting angles on (0,0)!
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(I believe I’ve found myself there many a time when loading a scanned map for georeferencing.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Also, note that the last two items in the Map Links section are of local interest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Happy Friday!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Janet Reyes</span></b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
<i>Geospatial Information Librarian</i></span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">UCR Library | University of California, Riverside</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Bloomberg CityLab [mailto:citylab@bloomberg.net]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, May 4, 2022 2:32 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Janet Reyes <janet.reyes@ucr.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> MapLab: Inside the 'the most real of fictional places'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">The intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian lands somewhere west of the coast of Africa, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly9zbGkuYmxvb21iZXJnLmNvbS9jbGljaz9zPTgyNzUxMyZsaT0yNzU5OTcyNyZtPWYzYmQ5OGY2YzgxZjk4OGVhYTA3MTNmNDNmYjMwYjE0JnA9Mjc2NDA3NTUmc3RwZT1kZWZhdWx0Jg/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB1212bb2e"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="550" id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://sli.bloomberg.com/imp?s=827513&li=27599727&m=f3bd98f6c81f988eaa0713f43fb30b14&p=27640755&stpe=default&"></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmxvb21iZXJnLmNvbS9uZXdzL25ld3NsZXR0ZXJzLzIwMjItMDUtMDQvbWFwbGFiLWluc2lkZS1udWxsLWlzbGFuZC10aGUtbW9zdC1yZWFsLW9mLWZpY3Rpb25hbC1wbGFjZXM_Y21waWQ9QkJEMDUwNDIyX01BUExBQiZ1dG1fbWVkaXVtPWVtYWlsJnV0bV9zb3VyY2U9bmV3c2xldHRlciZ1dG1fdGVybT0yMjA1MDQmdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPW1hcGxhYg/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB048e0312"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">View
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">The intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian lands somewhere west of the coast of Africa, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. These are coordinates (0,0) in map coordinates system WGS84, the most commonly
used system in web mapping. Physically speaking there is nothing there — apart from <a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubmRiYy5ub2FhLmdvdi9zdGF0aW9uX3BhZ2UucGhwP3N0YXRpb249MTMwMTA/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB1fd11af6" target="_blank">station
13010</a>, a lone buoy named Soul that records weather data.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">But if you dig into web maps and geographic databases, you’ll get the impression that there’s a lot happening at coordinates (0,0). Among other things: people running and cycling, cyberattacks, and a lot of Covid cases. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Welcome to “Null Island.” It doesn’t actually exist. But it shows up on countless maps as a default home for data that couldn’t be properly geocoded.</span><strong><span style="font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">
</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:130%"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:130%;font-family:"Georgia",serif">The location of “Null Island” — a place that doesn’t exist outside of databases. In a new paper, researchers refer to it as “the most real
of fictional places.” <i>Credit: Levente Juhasz and Peter Mooney</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Take Strava, for example. The fitness tracker app relies on user-generated data and geo-coordinates fed by smartphones and smart watches from runners and bikers to record information about their performance and routes.
But when the system messes up, the result is a puzzling cluster of activity in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean at coordinates (0,0) on the
<a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3RyYXZhLmNvbS9oZWF0bWFwIzEwLjQ0Ly0wLjA2NjIyLy0wLjAwNDkyL2hvdC9hbGw/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB147a7f49" target="_blank">
Strava heatmap</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:130%"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:130%;font-family:"Georgia",serif">Strava activity heatmap on “Null Island.”
<i>Credit: Strava</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">The confusion over these data clusters has led to some frustration and even some conspiracy theories over the years, which inspired the title of a new paper on Null Island: “I think I discovered a military base in the
middle of the ocean,” referring to a theory a <a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmVkZGl0LmNvbS9yL2NvbnNwaXJhY3kvY29tbWVudHMvbXJyc21zL2lfdGhpbmtfaV9kaXNjb3ZlcmVkX2Ffc2VjcmV0X2NoaW5lc2VfbWlsaXRhcnkvP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c2hhcmUmdXRtX21lZGl1bT1pb3NfYXBwJnV0bV9uYW1lPWlvc3NtZg/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB04840eba" target="_blank">
user posted on Reddit</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">The <a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnhpdi5vcmcvcGRmLzIyMDQuMDgzODMucGRm/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aBafed1080" target="_blank">
preprint paper</a>, by Levente Juhasz, a geomatics researcher at Florida International University, and Peter Mooney, lecturer at Maynooth University, looks into the history of the phenomenon, how it occurs, and its implications. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">“There is this concept in geography that’s called liminal places; it means ‘between places,’” Juhasz said. “If you go to an airport, it’s not a destination. It doesn’t really mean anything to you that you are at the
airport, but still, it’s a physical place. Null Island is similar to that because it connects the imaginary to the real. Because in a sense it’s real: It’s in databases. And it can be mapped.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">According to their research, developer Steve Pellegrin first coined the term “Null Island” in 2008 to refer to coordinates (0,0). The pair traces the first appearance of the concept back to a cartoon called Colonel
Bleep in 1957. Colonel Bleep builds his headquarters on <a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2xvbmVsLWJsZWVwLmZhbmRvbS5jb20vd2lraS9aZXJvX1plcm9fSXNsYW5k/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aBab92ac03" target="_blank">
Zero Zero Island</a>, at the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the Equator.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:130%"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:130%;font-family:"Georgia",serif">Colonel Bleep’s headquarters on Zero Zero Island.
<i>Credit: colonel-bleep.fandom.com</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Null Island isn’t the only set of coordinates that’s become a destination for imprecise geolocations. When PhD candidate Ensheng Dong was building the Johns Hopkins Covid Dashboard, which provides data feeds on Covid
cases and deaths worldwide, he started out with another popular default set of coordinates for some cases: the geo-centroid of the U.S., which happens to fall in Kansas, somewhere near the town of Lebanon. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Dong used that Kansas location to map the hundreds of Covid-19 cases that came from a Diamond Princess cruise ship in February 2020 — the cases became hard to track as people were evacuated and brought to hospitals
around the world. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">“The next day we got calls from the local residents because they found that our red dot was on top of their [homes],” Dong said. “They were so angry.” They reached out to their mayor, their local pastor and even the
White House to complain about the red bubble. Residents of this Kansas region have reason for frustration: They’ve experienced their
<a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly9zcGxpbnRlcm5ld3MuY29tL2hvdy1hbi1pbnRlcm5ldC1tYXBwaW5nLWdsaXRjaC10dXJuZWQtYS1yYW5kb20ta2Fuc2FzLWYtMTc5Mzg1NjA1Mg/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB7d813587">
fair share of</a> problems due to being at the geographic center of the U.S., including visits from FBI agents and federal marshals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">So after talks with representatives of the residents, Dong and his team found another solution: He placed all cases that couldn’t be attributed to a precise location at coordinates (0,0), Null Island, but this time
without visibly showing those cases on the map to prevent further confusion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:18.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><img border="0" id="_x0000_i1036" src="https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iOfAhSqJAvfE/v0/-1x-1.png"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:130%"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:130%;font-family:"Georgia",serif">The Johns Hopkins Covid dashboard does not show cases that cannot be georeferenced, and does not visibly link data to “Null Island.”
<i>Credit: Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">For scenarios like Dong’s, having somewhere to aggregate this data serves a useful purpose. The problem is when that purpose is not communicated to map users, Juhasz says: “I think what’s important is that we have an
understanding of it and that people are aware of its existence.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:19.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.75pt;font-weight:normal">Map Links<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Crimes against history: mapping the destruction of Ukraine’s culture (<em><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlZ3VhcmRpYW4uY29tL3dvcmxkLzIwMjIvYXByLzI0L2NyaW1lcy1hZ2FpbnN0LWhpc3RvcnktbWFwcGluZy10aGUtZGVzdHJ1Y3Rpb24tb2YtdWtyYWluZXMtY3VsdHVyZQ/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB45a18896" target="_blank">Guardian</a></span></em>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Video: Aerial snow mapping grows across U.S. west (<em><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudXNhdG9kYXkuY29tL3ZpZGVvcy9uZXdzL25hdGlvbi8yMDIyLzA1LzA0L2FlcmlhbC1zbm93LW1hcHBpbmctZ3Jvd3MtYWNyb3NzLXVzLXdlc3QvOTY0NTA4MDAwMi8/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aBda0b247d" target="_blank">USA
Today</a></span></em>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">The tale of Dallas’s inequities can be told with these two maps (<em><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZG1hZ2F6aW5lLmNvbS9mcm9udGJ1cm5lci8yMDIyLzA1L3RoZS10YWxlLW9mLWRhbGxhcy1pbmVxdWl0aWVzLWNhbi1iZS10b2xkLXdpdGgtdGhlc2UtdHdvLW1hcHMv/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB3e0f50c7" target="_blank">D
Magazine</a></span></em>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">National Democrats make last-gasp push to keep N.Y. district maps (<em><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMi8wNS8wMi9ueXJlZ2lvbi9yZWRpc3RyaWN0aW5nLWRlbW9jcmF0cy1hcHBlYWwuaHRtbD9wYXJ0bmVyPXNsYWNrJnNtaWQ9c2wtc2hhcmU/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB77207ee6" target="_blank">New
York Times</a></span></em>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Love maps and want to save California’s wild spaces? This site is for you (<a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGF0aW1lcy5jb20vZW52aXJvbm1lbnQvbmV3c2xldHRlci8yMDIyLTA0LTE0L2xvdmUtbWFwcy1hbmQtd2FudC10by1zYXZlLWNhbGlmb3JuaWFzLXdpbGQtc3BhY2VzLXRoaXMtc2l0ZS1pcy1mb3IteW91LWJvaWxpbmctcG9pbnQ/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aB7285ade6" target="_blank"><em><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Los
Angeles Times</span></em></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Op-Ed: We mapped the warehouse takeover of the Inland Empire. The results are overwhelming (<em><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://link.mail.bloombergbusiness.com/click/27599727.41028/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGF0aW1lcy5jb20vb3Bpbmlvbi9zdG9yeS8yMDIyLTA1LTAxL2lubGFuZC1lbXBpcmUtd2FyZWhvdXNlLWdyb3d0aC1tYXAtZW52aXJvbm1lbnQ/60affe36eb76902f5a6e790aBe996679d" target="_blank">Los
Angeles Times</a></span></em>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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